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Tie-break systems are used in chess Swiss system tournaments to break ties between players who have the same total number of points after the last round. This is needed when prizes are indivisible, such as an official "champion", trophies, or qualification for another tournament. Otherwise players often share the tied spots, with cash prizes being divided equally among the tied players.If the players are still tied after one tie-break system is used, another system is used, and so on, until the tie is broken. Most of the methods are numerical methods based on the games that have already been played or other objective factors, while some methods require additional games to be played, etc. Strength of schedule is the idea behind the methods based on the games already played: that the player that played the harder competition to achieve the same number of points should be ranked higher. Harry Golombek points out deficiencies in most of the tie-break systems and recommends a playoff if there is time. If not, he recommends Sonneborn-Berger and then the player who has the most wins. For Swiss tournaments, he recommends the Buchholz system and the Cumulative system . For Swiss chess tournaments for individuals (not teams), FIDE recommends - in an (Annex to the FIDE Tournament Regulations regarding tiebreaks ): # The result of the direct encounter(s) between the players (if any) # The greater number of wins # The greater number of games with Black (unplayed games shall be counted as played with White) # The Average Rating of Opponents Cut (the average rating of opponents, excluding one or more of the ratings of the opponents, starting from the lowest-rated opponent) # Buchholz Cut 1 (the Buchholz score reduced by the lowest score of the opponents) # Buchholz (the sum of the scores of each of the opponents of a player) # Sonneborn-Berger ==Median== (詳細はKenneth Harkness. For each player, this system sums the number of points earned by the player's opponents, but discarding the highest and lowest. If there are nine or more rounds, the top two and bottom two scores are discarded. Unplayed games by the opponents count ½ point. Unplayed games by the player count zero points. This is also known as the Median-Buchholz System . 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Tie-breaking in Swiss-system tournaments」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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